“There are previous studies into what affects the formation of organic chlorine in the ground, but these investigated one environmental factor at a time. What’s unique about this study is that we have studied several factors simultaneously. This has revealed new patterns”, says David Bastviken, professor at Linköping University.
The environmental factors that were studied in combination in the new study are soil moisture, nitrate, chloride and carbon. By way of two large experiments with forest soil from the regions of Kolmården and Linköping, the researchers were able to measure how the various environmental factors affect chlorination. The addition of easily degradable organic carbon forms (such as glucose) was found to increase chlorination significantly. The results have been published in the scientific journal Environmental Science & Technology.
Chlorination – more than persistent compounds
The main players in the chlorination process are the microorganisms that have the ability to chlorinate the soil. Previously, researchers believed that microorganisms, in particular fungi, chlorinate organic material in order to break it down into smaller ‘edible’ pieces. The study from Linköping University shows that this is probably not the case.
When the microorganisms are favoured, which in the experiment was done by giving them access to easily obtainable organic carbon, it turned out that chlorination actually increased dramatically. That is, chlorination increased when the microorganisms had easier access to food. Thus, chlorination can have important ecological functions related to the activity of microorganisms, such as dealing with dangerous oxygen radicals that form during metabolism, or being part of the chemical battle that the microorganisms are engaged in, in the competition for resources in the ground.
Photo credit: David Einar
Chloride in soil has also been considered a non-reactive element, i.e. one that does not react to other chemical elements and compounds.
“However now we show that chloride is reactive. These are ecological functions that we are beginning to discover, and a revised view of chloride is also interesting from a societal perspective. For instance when developing risk models for radioactive waste that includes radioactive chloride”, says Teresia Svensson, senior lecturer at Linköping University.
Malin Montelius, Malin Andersson, Cecilia Lindberg, Henrik Reyier, Karolina Rietz and Åsa Danielsson from Linköping University also took part in the study.
The study:
Influence of Multiple Environmental Factors on Organic Matter Chlorination in Podsol Soil, Teresia Svensson , Malin Montelius, Malin Andersson, Cecilia Lindberg, Henrik Reyier, Karolina Rietz, Åsa Danielsson, David Bastviken. Environment Science & Technology.
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.7b03196
Examples of previous studies:
-Montelius M, Thiry Y, Marang L, Ranger J, Cornelis J, Svensson T, and Bastviken D. (2015) Experimental evidence of large changes in terrestrial chlorine cycling following altered tree species composition. Environmental Science and Technology. 49: 4921–4928. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00137
-Svensson T, Lovett GM. and Likens GE. (2012) Is chloride a conservative ion in forest ecosystems? Biogeochemistry 107: 125-134. DOI: 10.1007/s10533-010-9538-y
-Redon, P. O., A. Abdelouas, D. Bastviken, S. Cecchini, M. Nicolas and Y. Thiry (2011). Chloride and organic chlorine in forest soils: storage, residence times, and influence of ecological conditions. Environmental Science and Technology 45(17): 7202-7208. doi: 10.1021/es2011918
-Bastviken D, Thomsen F, Svensson T, Karlsson S, Sandén P, Shaw G, Matucha M, and Öberg G, (2007) Chloride retention in forest soil by microbial uptake and by natural chlorination of organic matter. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta 71: 3182–3192. doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2007.04.028
-Öberg G, 2002. The natural chlorine cycle – fitting the scattered pieces. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 58, 565–581. DOI: 10.1007/s00253-001-0895-2
-Asplund G, Grimvall A (1991) Organohalogens in nature, more widespread than previously assumed. Environmental Science and Technology 25:1346–1350
