The quest for new two-dimensional materials has rapidly intensified after the discovery of graphene – a supermaterial whose excellent properties include high conductivity and strength, making it incredibly versatile. Two main approaches are used to create ultrathin materials. In the first, a continuous layer of molecules or atoms is “peeled off” from the bulk of the material. Graphene is an example of such a material.
The other approach, in contrast, involves the construction of the material molecule-by-molecule by producing bonds between the molecules in various ways.Illustration of the photopolymerisation process. Photo credit Jonas Björk
The actual photopolymerisation process in a scanning tunnelling microscope. Photo credit Markus LackingerThe problem is that the materials are often small, fragile and contain many defects. This limits the potential areas of application.
An international research team with members from Linköping University, the Technical University of Munich and the Deutsches Museum, among others, has now developed a new method to manufacture two-dimensional polymers. The discovery makes it possible to develop new ultrathin functional materials with highly defined and regular crystalline structures.
Molecule self-organisation
The manufacture, or polymerisation, of the material takes place in two steps. The researchers use a molecule known as “fantrip” – a contraction of “fluorinated anthracene triptycene”. This molecule is a merger of two different hydrocarbons – anthracene and triptycene. The specific properties of fantrip cause the molecules to spontaneously arrange themselves into a pattern suitable for photopolymerization when they are placed onto a graphite surface covered with an alkane. This process is known as “self-organisation”.
The next step is the photopolymerisation itself, when the pattern is to be fixed with the aid of light. The molecules are illuminated by a violet laser that excites the electrons in the outermost electron shell. This causes strong and durable covalent bonds to form between the molecules. The result is a porous two-dimensional polymer, half a nanometre thick, consisting of several hundred thousand molecules identically linked, in other words, a material with nearly perfect order, right down to the atomic level.
“Creating covalent bonds between molecules requires a lot of energy. The most common way of supplying energy is to raise the temperature, but this also causes the molecules to start moving. Markus Lackinger transferring a sample inside the ultra-high vacuum chamber by means of a vacuum grabber. Photo credit Andreas Heddergott / TUMSo it won’t work with self-organsied molecules, since the pattern would blurr. Using light to create covalent bonds preserves the pattern and fixes it precisely as we want it”, says Markus Lackinger, research group leader at the Deutsches Museum and Technical University of Munich.
Since the photopolymerisation is carried out on a surface of solid graphite, it is possible to follow the process on the molecular scale using scanning tunnelling microscopy. This shows the newly formed bonds in a persistent network. In order to confirm the structure assignment, the research group has simulated the appearance of the molecular networks in the microscope at different stages of the reaction.
Supercomputer to validate
Jonas Björk is assistant professor in the Materials Design Division at the Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology at Linköping University. He has used high-performance computing resources at the National Supercomputer Centre in Linköping to validate the experiments and understand the key factors that make the method successful.
“We see that the simulations agree well with reality down to the tiniest detail, and we can also understand why our specific system gives such useful results. The next step of the research will be to see whether the method can be used to link other molecules for new two-dimensional and functional materials. Jonas Björk. Photo credit Thor BalkhedBy improving the method, we will also be able to control and tailor the type of ultrathin materials we aim to manufacture”, says Jonas Björk.
The polymerisation takes place in a vacuum, which ensures that the material is not contaminated. However, the final two-dimensional polymer film is also stable under atmospheric conditions, which is an advantage for future applications. Markus Lackinger believes that the material will find many conceivable applications.
“The most obvious application is to use the material as filter or membrane, but applications that we have no idea of at the moment in entirely different contexts may appear on the horizon, also by chance. This is why basic research is so exciting”, says Markus Lackinger.
The research has been funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, the Swedish Research Council and the Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Functional Materials at Linköping University. The calculations were carried out at the National Supercomputer Centre at Linköping University.
The article: On-surface photopolymerization of two-dimensional polymers ordered on the mesoscale Lukas Grossmann, Benjamin T. King, Stefan Reichlmaier, Nicolai Hartmann, Johanna Rosen, Wolfgang M. Heckl, Jonas Björk, Markus Lackinger Nature Chemistry 2021 doi: 10.1038/s41557-021-00709-y
Translated by George Farrants
